During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, China's electric power industry continued to develop rapidly and achieved major achievements. However, there are some problems that cannot be ignored. To objectively understand and analyze the status quo of electric power development and clarify the “12th Five-Year Plan†development ideas, we must closely focus on adjusting the power structure and accelerating the transformation of this power development mode to promote the overall, coordinated, and sustainable development of China's power industry.
I. Review of the "Eleventh Five-Year" Electricity Development
(1) The rapid growth of electricity has basically met the needs of economic and social development, but it has not yet shaken off the negative effects of disorderly development and ups and downs.
During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, China’s newly installed power capacity exceeded 430 million kilowatts, with a total installed capacity of 950 million kilowatts, an average annual increase of about 100 million kilowatts, ranking second in the world. The total length of the 220 kilovolt and above transmission lines across the country reached 430,000 kilometers, and the substation capacity was 1.96 billion kVA, which was 1.7 times and 2.4 times the end of the “Tenth Five-year Planâ€, respectively, and the grid scale ranked first in the world. The country’s electricity supply and demand balance is basically balanced, reversing the tense power situation at the end of the “Tenth Five-Year Plan†and ensuring the needs of the national economy and social development.
However, the power industry is heavy investment, heavy scale, heavy speed, light planning, light overall planning, light efficiency, disorderly development and other issues are still very prominent, thermal power, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power turns round upsurges, when the demand fluctuates, the power will Inevitably there will be shocks and a vicious circle of "shortage-surplus-shortage". After the financial crisis in 2008, China’s electricity consumption suddenly entered negative growth from high-speed growth. Newly built power generation capacity could not play its due benefits, resulting in huge waste. In order to cope with the financial crisis, the state has increased investment and reinvigorated the high energy-consuming industries such as steel and cement, and the installed capacity of electric power has grown rapidly, forming a new ups and downs, which has not only increased the difficulty in adjusting the power structure, but also increased resources. Environmental constraints.
The blind and disorderly development has led to an imbalance in the overall structure of electricity. The grid lags behind the power supply, the distribution network lags behind the transmission grid, the rural grid lags behind the urban grid, and the power system inconsistencies are prominent.
(B) The rapid development of non-fossil energy power generation, power supply structure has been initially adjusted, but the optimization of power supply structure is still a long way to go
The non-fossil energy generated by hydropower, nuclear power, and wind power has accumulated over 3 trillion kWh in five years, accounting for approximately 18.5% of the total power generation.
However, hydropower development problems such as insufficient reserves in the early stage of the project, increased immigration and environmental protection costs, etc.; problems faced in the development of nuclear power systems such as lagging investment systems, insufficient safety supervision power, incomplete mastery of core technologies, lack of establishment of standard certification systems, and talent shortages The new energy power generation faces large installed capacity and low power generation, rapid development and low efficiency, serious waste of resources and funds, difficulties in grid connection, difficulty in dissipating, difficulty in peak load adjustment and other issues are difficult to resolve in the short term. These all constrain the healthy development of non-fossil energy and optimize the power supply structure still faces many challenges.
(3) Optimization of thermal power installations, but the contradictions between coal and electricity transportation are still prominent, and power generation companies suffer serious losses, and the capacity for sustainable development is obviously insufficient.
During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, the power industry implemented the policy of “slight pressure and small pressureâ€, and the country closed down more than 70 million kilowatts of small thermal power units; the integrated utilization of coal slime and coal gangue has reached 25 million kilowatts; the average stand-alone capacity of thermal power units It increased from 56800 kilowatts in 2005 to 103,100 kilowatts in 2009; 21 ultra-supercritical units with a capacity of 1 million kilowatts were built and put into operation, and large generators with a capacity of more than 300,000 kilowatts accounted for more than 70%.
However, as electricity prices continue to be approved by the government for 60 years, and coal and transportation have already been market-oriented, the contradiction between coal and electricity is difficult to coordinate, and the deadlock of coal prices cannot be solved. Due to the continuous and substantial increase in coal prices and the impact of the international financial crisis, the operating conditions of power generation companies continued to deteriorate. With the increase in the scale of installation, the average utilization hours of power generation equipment is getting lower and lower, liabilities are getting heavier, costs are getting higher and higher, and losses in the main business are getting worse. Although the five major power generation groups achieved profitability in 2010, they mainly rely on non-thermal power business and non-electricity industries such as coal and finance. As of the end of 2010, the total liabilities of the five major power generation groups reached 1.75249 trillion yuan, and the average debt-to-equity ratio was as high as 86.03%, which has exceeded the red line established by the state. As the capital and funds for the construction of power projects are all relied on to solve the problem of “short-term loans and long-term investment,†serious losses pose a great deal of operational risks and financial risks.
(4) Progress has been made in the construction of “grid power grid, large-capacity, ultra-high voltage, long-distance†power grids, but there is a major controversy in the direction of development.
China has formed six regional power grids with 500 kV grids as the backbone, and 500 kV DC ultra-high voltages are connected between some regions, and two 800-V DC transmission lines are commissioned in Yunnan-Guangdong, Xiangjiaba-Shanghai. .
There are also different opinions on smart grids. According to one opinion, the smart grid is applied to the entire transmission, distribution, and power sector. On the transmission side, China’s UHV long-distance transmission capabilities and digital control technologies are already at the leading position in the world. Another opinion is that the smart grid is proposed to meet the needs of new energy development and is mainly applied to distribution networks. The strong and reasonable structure of the distribution network can meet the requirements for new energy networking. At present, the key technologies of the smart grid are still in the R&D stage. Large-scale roll-outs still take some time; smart grids and UHVs are not necessarily linked. The focus of technology should be on power distribution and power consumption. Major foreign developed countries have already given up their UHV technology routes.
(V) The transmission grid develops rapidly, but the distribution network construction is seriously lagging behind, and there is a significant deviation in the development focus.
During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, the length of China’s 220 kilovolt and above transmission lines increased by about 58% from the end of the “10th Five-Year Plan†period, and the capacity of substations increased by about 109%. However, the length of distribution network lines with 110 kV and below Substation capacity has only increased by about 15% and 53%, causing electricity to fall, and equipment utilization efficiency is low, leading to structural power shortages in some regions and parts of the country. In particular, the development of rural power grids lags behind, equipment is obsolete, and the acceptance rate of the voltages received by individual rural power grids is only 15%, and the voltage for households is only half of the rated value, which seriously affects the implementation of policies such as rural economic development, livelihood protection and household appliances to the countryside.
Although China’s power grid scale ranks first in the world, due to the serious lag in distribution network construction, the reliability of rural and urban power supply has only increased by 0.13 and 0.301 percentage points respectively, and the power supply reliability index still lags behind. From the “annual outage timeâ€, in 2009 China was 9 hours per household, Shanghai was 1 hour, Tokyo was 5 minutes, and Singapore was 2 minutes.
(VI) Achievements in Energy Saving and Emission Reduction of Electric Power, but Single Approach, Development and Energy Savings Disjointed
In the “Eleventh Five-Year Planâ€, the coal consumption for thermal power generation in China decreased by 30 g/kWh, and the total coal saved was more than 300 million tons. The emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and soot per unit of electricity decreased by 50%, 50%, and 19.5%, respectively, compared to 2005. And 44.4%, a significant achievement.
However, the completion of energy-saving and emission-reduction targets mainly depends on the shutdown of small thermal power units and the construction of ultra-supercritical units, and the establishment of an energy-saving power production and supply system has not been established. For example, distributed power sources have not been effectively used, and the proportion of cogeneration of small and medium-sized units is not High, the benefits of the generator set have not been fully realized. Development and energy conservation are the forces of economic development. At present, there are two sets of carriages in the development of the power industry and energy conservation. Development is excessively emphasized, and energy conservation and emission reduction cannot be synchronized and prioritized.
Second, the "12th Five-Year" basic understanding of electricity development and policy measures recommended
In order to implement the "Proposal for the CPC Central Committee on Formulating the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development," the requirement of "promoting changes in energy production and utilization methods and building a safe, stable, economic, and clean modern energy industry system" requires that at present, Understanding the unity to speed up the reform of power production and utilization methods, and strengthen relevant policies and measures.
(1) The special law of the development of the power industry requires that the power plan puts structural adjustment first
Electricity can not be stored on a large scale, and the four links of transmission, transmission, distribution, and use must be completed at the same time. The power industry also has the characteristics of long construction period and capital intensive, and the power supply and power grid must be balanced and coordinated. This special law requires that power planning must be based on scientific forecasting of electricity demand, putting structural adjustments at the forefront, determining a reasonable scale, speed, and layout of electric power development, improving the adaptability of the plan to market changes, and avoiding the development of the electric power industry. The ups and downs and disorderly development and other issues.
To plan a reasonable power structure, one must establish and follow the national energy strategy. The power construction cycle is generally 5-20 years, and it is difficult to change after it is completed. Only when the long-term development strategy and direction are clarified, can we stand at the mid- and long-term development base, coordinate the national economic development and the status quo of resources, and coordinate the development of the eastern and western regions. The relationship between the 5-10 years of power planning to make reasonable arrangements for the deployment, and gradually achieve structural optimization. The second is to consider the external factors of power development and quantify the indicators. The development of electricity must be coordinated with the total amount of energy, the speed of development of the national economy, energy demand and other related plans. On the basis of controlling China's total energy consumption in 2050, we must quantify the "proper" development of the electric power industry with appropriate advancement in order to effectively grasp the scale and speed. The third is to optimize and coordinate the power supply and grid structure. Rational distribution of water, fire, nuclear, and new energy, so that base load and peaking power plant are properly collocated; establish a reasonable voltage level and safe and stable transmission and distribution system, the transmission grid and the distribution network, send end and receiver receive coordination , The combination of centralized power supply and decentralized power supply; overall planning of power supply and power grid to ensure that the power supply is delivered and completed. The fourth is to innovate the power planning management system to ensure that structural adjustments are in place. Establish and improve a unified power planning mechanism with “government-responsible, multi-participation, information disclosure, and democratic decision-making†to improve the scientificness and democracy of planning, guarantee the authority of planning, and ensure that structural adjustment goals are put in place.
(B) Solving the deep-seated contradictions in the development and system of the power industry and demanding that the power industry be accelerated
Many problems faced by power development can be attributed to institutional problems. The goal of the power system reform is to break the monopoly, introduce competition, improve efficiency, reduce costs, improve the electricity price mechanism, optimize the allocation of resources, promote the development of electricity, promote the nationwide networking, and establish a separation of government and enterprises, fair competition, and openness under government supervision. , a healthy development of the electricity market system. However, after the separation of the plant and network in 2003, the power reform has been stagnant, and the power system has monopolized and stagnated, which has plagued the process of power marketization. It has not been able to form a pricing mechanism with the same net and same price, which is not conducive to the smooth integration of new energy generation. .
At present, the contradiction between power supply and demand tends to ease, and the rapid development of new energy urgently requires the removal of institutional obstacles. This is a good opportunity to deepen the reform of the power industry. The first is to further strengthen the organization and leadership of the power system reform and clarify the phased objectives of the reform; the second is to speed up the separation of the main and auxiliary, reduce and clarify the operating costs of the grid, and lay the foundation for the reform of electricity prices; the third is to establish a competitive, open area The electricity market will reform the pricing mechanism of electricity prices, establish a new electricity price system with the same price and same price, strengthen the supervision of the electricity market for distribution, and form a new system for the grid to absorb new energy.
(3) Safeguarding the sound and rapid development of the power industry requires a fundamental change in the way business performance is assessed
The electric power industry is a basic industry, not a pillar industry. The development of electric power should aim at a moderate advance and meet the needs of economic development instead of desperately expanding. Practice has proved that big but not strong but worse. However, as the state-owned assets management department evaluated the total assets, total capacity, and total profits of the central electric power companies, and was motivated by the last elimination, the state-owned large-scale power grids and power companies did not focus their work on changing the business management mechanism. It is a blind pursuit of scale, competition, expansion, blind expansion, the strengthening of monopoly, the formation of disorderly construction, the embarrassing situation of corporate insolvency.
In order to fundamentally cure the behavior of eager for quick success and instant benefit, to make good use of fishery, and to publicize achievements, we must change the content of the performance assessment of state-owned power companies. For power generation enterprises, the ranking of total installed capacity and total profits will no longer be assessed. Instead, the level of profitability and asset-liability ratio of individual assets and the effectiveness of energy-saving and emission-reduction measures will be examined, and power companies in the field of competition will be guided to pursue real economic benefits and investment. Safety level; for power grid companies, no longer assess the ranking of total assets and total profits, instead of assessing the unit's effective network of power transmission, power distribution, and guide the power grid companies to improve efficiency and reduce costs, and encourage them to actively absorb wind power, etc. New energy power.
(IV) Orderly advancement of power development and reform requires the establishment of a new power regulation system
Regulations such as the “Electricity Lawâ€, “Regulations on the Protection of Electric Power Facilities†and “Regulations on Power Dispatching Management of Grids†were all promulgated in the 1990s. They have long been out of line with the needs of electric power development and have caused disconnections between the reform of the electric power system and the revision of power laws and regulations. Concurrent with the old and new rules, the order of investment and operation of the industry is not standardized, and the management of power by the rule of law cannot be realized, and the deep-seated conflicts between planning and market, monopoly and competition cannot be resolved.
Electricity legislation must be synchronized with electricity reforms. The first is to timely revise the “Power Law†and other power laws and regulations, clarify the duties of power supervision, power administrative law enforcement, and power industry management, specify the establishment and operation of the power market, open and fair management of power dispatch, maintenance of the power supply and use order, etc. The problem is to regulate the rights and obligations of the government, power companies, and power users. The second is to formulate supporting regulations and rules, and to quickly study and formulate market entry and exit of power projects, hydropower development management, nuclear power management, distributed power generation, and new energy generation. Laws and regulations concerning the Internet and other aspects shall protect the legitimate rights and interests of investors, operators, and consumers in accordance with law, and promote and guarantee the reform and development of electric power.
(5) Restrictions on resources and environment require the acceleration of a comprehensive reform of power development
With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization in China, in order to meet the rapid growth in electricity demand, China has built a large number of generator sets during the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period. In accordance with this development, China will need 3.7 billion kilowatts of installed capacity in 2030 and only 6.4 billion tons of coal for power generation alone. This is unimaginable and unsustainable in terms of resources and environmental capacity, which is not conducive to the transformation of economic growth patterns. Structural Adjustment.
To speed up the transformation of power development methods, the first is to change from extensive supply to satisfy demand and to supply science to meet reasonable demand. Power development can no longer pursue purely installed capacity and meet unlimited power needs. The growth rate and total amount of electricity consumption depends on the adjustment and progress of China's economic development methods. It is necessary to reasonably determine the power development goals and speed, and promote and support the transformation of economic and social development methods. The second is shifting from focusing on speed and scale to focusing on quality and efficiency. Electric power units should be based on high efficiency and environmental protection, and they should not be based solely on capacity. The development of electricity must consider the rationality of technology and economy, and meet the economic and social needs of electricity consumption in a way that minimizes costs. In a long period of time, China’s power supply structure is still dominated by thermal power, and improving the utilization of thermal power has important implications for improving the efficiency of the power industry. It is estimated that for each 200-hour increase in the annual utilization hours of thermal power, the average annual power generation cost will drop by about 2.5 yuan/kWh, which will reduce the newly installed capacity by about 40 million kilowatts. The third is the change from demand-side management to demand-side response. Power demand side management means to encourage low valley energy storage, improve the efficiency of electric power resource utilization, and realize scientific electricity use and electricity saving by improving peak and valley electricity prices, seasonal electricity prices, high reliability electricity prices, and interruptible load electricity prices. However, the “administrative†mechanism has strong administrative colors and ambiguous management boundaries. The grid companies, as a party to the power transaction, implement specific management, which will increase the abuse of their monopoly operations. We should learn from foreign experience and establish a "response" mechanism on the demand side to encourage power users to make adjustments based on policy levers, guide the shift of power demand from peak to trough, reduce peak power demand, and accordingly reduce the scale of power construction. Fourth, from the emphasis on development to focus on saving, improve the energy saving and emission reduction work mechanism. Adhere to the principle of equal emphasis on development and conservation, saving priority, the energy conservation and emission reduction targets into the assessment system, strengthen supervision, explore carbon trading and other market methods, and avoid simple administrative measures such as power cuts.
(VI) Based on the national conditions, it is required to determine a reasonable power structure and development layout
Due to China's vast geographical, resource distribution, and economic development imbalance, large-scale construction and long-distance power transmission are not the only means of development for electric power. We must adhere to the principle of optimizing the use of energy resources in accordance with the principles of land-based measures.
To determine a reasonable power structure and development layout, the first is to develop a distributed power supply while developing a centralized power supply. The centralized large power supply has the advantages of energy saving, environmental protection, and high efficiency. However, once a system is stabilized, it needs to rely on a distributed power supply to meet the most basic economic activities and people's needs in the region. Therefore, centralized large-scale energy sources cannot replace distributed energy sources. While building high-efficiency, large-capacity centralized large-scale power sources, it is necessary to timely implement the construction of distributed power sources and fundamentally change the power supply structure. In the eastern region where the economy is relatively developed, thermal, electricity, and cooling cogeneration can be developed. Particularly in areas where natural gas pipelines pass, it is more advantageous and necessary to build distributed power systems consisting of medium and small gas turbines. The general trend of development. In remote rural areas and towns that are difficult to cover with large power grids, distributed power sources should be developed. The second is to increase the support for the safe, reliable and stable power supply in the province. The balance of power supply across provinces is mainly to optimize the allocation of resources. The establishment of power supply in the province is to play a role in local balance. In the case that cross-regional balance power supply is difficult to solve for a while, the province's power supply must play a supporting role. Third, according to the objective laws of near-transmission and long-distance transmission of coal, the combination of coal-fired power, coal-fired transmission, and coal transmission is adopted, taking into consideration the strong and reasonable structure of the power grid in the power-receiving region. At the same time, we will vigorously develop clean and efficient projects such as nuclear power to reduce the dependence of load centers on coal. Fourth, orderly development of new energy sources. In a long period of time, new energy cannot replace traditional energy, but can only play an auxiliary and complementary role. It cannot change the power structure based on coal-fired power. New energy should be developed step by step on the basis of focusing on technological innovation and reducing costs. Encourage the development of distributed, on-site consumption of new energy. If it does not have long-distance transportation conditions, and it cannot be consumed on the spot, it may suspend development or standby development to avoid unnecessary waste.
(7) Safe and stable economic power supply is guaranteed, and scientific and sustainable grid development models are required
The grid structure is related to the structural optimization and safety of the entire power industry. In view of the controversy over the transmission of electricity on UHV lines, in order to avoid huge waste and hidden dangers due to the wrong direction of power grid development, it is imperative that the organization fully demonstrate, formulate a scientific grid development plan, and make clear strategic decision-making recommendations to the State Council.
The optimization of the grid development model is based on the principle of ensuring the safety, stability and economic operation of the power grid, which is conducive to improving the ability of the power grid to resist military strikes, terrorist activities and natural disasters. The second is to study and demonstrate the technical route for the development of smart grids. The development of smart grid involves the overall transformation of the power system, involves huge investment, involves many issues such as national energy strategy, technical standards, electricity market, electricity price policy, and what kind of technical route to take, must be cautious.
(8) Improve people's livelihood, require strengthening of distribution network construction, and establish customer-oriented core values
In the current era of great economic construction, the whole society pays more attention to the people's livelihood and builds a harmonious society, the power must shift from the power supply side to the demand side to overcome the phenomena of re-emerging light supply for a long time, and to truly establish The core value of the user's interests, regardless of power supply construction, power grid construction, the ultimate goal should be to provide the general public with high-quality, high-efficiency, low-cost electricity, to maximize the protection of the safe and reliable power transmission.
To improve the reliability of power supply, the first is to increase the proportion of distribution network investment in grid investment, and to solve the problem of power supply for distribution networks and terminal users with a voltage of 220 kilovolts and below, so as to ensure that the electricity transmission can be obtained, completed, and used effectively. , And can absorb all kinds of new energy. The second is to continue to increase the transformation of rural power. The third is to work hard to solve the power problem of people without electricity.
I. Review of the "Eleventh Five-Year" Electricity Development
(1) The rapid growth of electricity has basically met the needs of economic and social development, but it has not yet shaken off the negative effects of disorderly development and ups and downs.
During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, China’s newly installed power capacity exceeded 430 million kilowatts, with a total installed capacity of 950 million kilowatts, an average annual increase of about 100 million kilowatts, ranking second in the world. The total length of the 220 kilovolt and above transmission lines across the country reached 430,000 kilometers, and the substation capacity was 1.96 billion kVA, which was 1.7 times and 2.4 times the end of the “Tenth Five-year Planâ€, respectively, and the grid scale ranked first in the world. The country’s electricity supply and demand balance is basically balanced, reversing the tense power situation at the end of the “Tenth Five-Year Plan†and ensuring the needs of the national economy and social development.
However, the power industry is heavy investment, heavy scale, heavy speed, light planning, light overall planning, light efficiency, disorderly development and other issues are still very prominent, thermal power, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power turns round upsurges, when the demand fluctuates, the power will Inevitably there will be shocks and a vicious circle of "shortage-surplus-shortage". After the financial crisis in 2008, China’s electricity consumption suddenly entered negative growth from high-speed growth. Newly built power generation capacity could not play its due benefits, resulting in huge waste. In order to cope with the financial crisis, the state has increased investment and reinvigorated the high energy-consuming industries such as steel and cement, and the installed capacity of electric power has grown rapidly, forming a new ups and downs, which has not only increased the difficulty in adjusting the power structure, but also increased resources. Environmental constraints.
The blind and disorderly development has led to an imbalance in the overall structure of electricity. The grid lags behind the power supply, the distribution network lags behind the transmission grid, the rural grid lags behind the urban grid, and the power system inconsistencies are prominent.
(B) The rapid development of non-fossil energy power generation, power supply structure has been initially adjusted, but the optimization of power supply structure is still a long way to go
The non-fossil energy generated by hydropower, nuclear power, and wind power has accumulated over 3 trillion kWh in five years, accounting for approximately 18.5% of the total power generation.
However, hydropower development problems such as insufficient reserves in the early stage of the project, increased immigration and environmental protection costs, etc.; problems faced in the development of nuclear power systems such as lagging investment systems, insufficient safety supervision power, incomplete mastery of core technologies, lack of establishment of standard certification systems, and talent shortages The new energy power generation faces large installed capacity and low power generation, rapid development and low efficiency, serious waste of resources and funds, difficulties in grid connection, difficulty in dissipating, difficulty in peak load adjustment and other issues are difficult to resolve in the short term. These all constrain the healthy development of non-fossil energy and optimize the power supply structure still faces many challenges.
(3) Optimization of thermal power installations, but the contradictions between coal and electricity transportation are still prominent, and power generation companies suffer serious losses, and the capacity for sustainable development is obviously insufficient.
During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, the power industry implemented the policy of “slight pressure and small pressureâ€, and the country closed down more than 70 million kilowatts of small thermal power units; the integrated utilization of coal slime and coal gangue has reached 25 million kilowatts; the average stand-alone capacity of thermal power units It increased from 56800 kilowatts in 2005 to 103,100 kilowatts in 2009; 21 ultra-supercritical units with a capacity of 1 million kilowatts were built and put into operation, and large generators with a capacity of more than 300,000 kilowatts accounted for more than 70%.
However, as electricity prices continue to be approved by the government for 60 years, and coal and transportation have already been market-oriented, the contradiction between coal and electricity is difficult to coordinate, and the deadlock of coal prices cannot be solved. Due to the continuous and substantial increase in coal prices and the impact of the international financial crisis, the operating conditions of power generation companies continued to deteriorate. With the increase in the scale of installation, the average utilization hours of power generation equipment is getting lower and lower, liabilities are getting heavier, costs are getting higher and higher, and losses in the main business are getting worse. Although the five major power generation groups achieved profitability in 2010, they mainly rely on non-thermal power business and non-electricity industries such as coal and finance. As of the end of 2010, the total liabilities of the five major power generation groups reached 1.75249 trillion yuan, and the average debt-to-equity ratio was as high as 86.03%, which has exceeded the red line established by the state. As the capital and funds for the construction of power projects are all relied on to solve the problem of “short-term loans and long-term investment,†serious losses pose a great deal of operational risks and financial risks.
(4) Progress has been made in the construction of “grid power grid, large-capacity, ultra-high voltage, long-distance†power grids, but there is a major controversy in the direction of development.
China has formed six regional power grids with 500 kV grids as the backbone, and 500 kV DC ultra-high voltages are connected between some regions, and two 800-V DC transmission lines are commissioned in Yunnan-Guangdong, Xiangjiaba-Shanghai. .
There are also different opinions on smart grids. According to one opinion, the smart grid is applied to the entire transmission, distribution, and power sector. On the transmission side, China’s UHV long-distance transmission capabilities and digital control technologies are already at the leading position in the world. Another opinion is that the smart grid is proposed to meet the needs of new energy development and is mainly applied to distribution networks. The strong and reasonable structure of the distribution network can meet the requirements for new energy networking. At present, the key technologies of the smart grid are still in the R&D stage. Large-scale roll-outs still take some time; smart grids and UHVs are not necessarily linked. The focus of technology should be on power distribution and power consumption. Major foreign developed countries have already given up their UHV technology routes.
(V) The transmission grid develops rapidly, but the distribution network construction is seriously lagging behind, and there is a significant deviation in the development focus.
During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, the length of China’s 220 kilovolt and above transmission lines increased by about 58% from the end of the “10th Five-Year Plan†period, and the capacity of substations increased by about 109%. However, the length of distribution network lines with 110 kV and below Substation capacity has only increased by about 15% and 53%, causing electricity to fall, and equipment utilization efficiency is low, leading to structural power shortages in some regions and parts of the country. In particular, the development of rural power grids lags behind, equipment is obsolete, and the acceptance rate of the voltages received by individual rural power grids is only 15%, and the voltage for households is only half of the rated value, which seriously affects the implementation of policies such as rural economic development, livelihood protection and household appliances to the countryside.
Although China’s power grid scale ranks first in the world, due to the serious lag in distribution network construction, the reliability of rural and urban power supply has only increased by 0.13 and 0.301 percentage points respectively, and the power supply reliability index still lags behind. From the “annual outage timeâ€, in 2009 China was 9 hours per household, Shanghai was 1 hour, Tokyo was 5 minutes, and Singapore was 2 minutes.
(VI) Achievements in Energy Saving and Emission Reduction of Electric Power, but Single Approach, Development and Energy Savings Disjointed
In the “Eleventh Five-Year Planâ€, the coal consumption for thermal power generation in China decreased by 30 g/kWh, and the total coal saved was more than 300 million tons. The emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and soot per unit of electricity decreased by 50%, 50%, and 19.5%, respectively, compared to 2005. And 44.4%, a significant achievement.
However, the completion of energy-saving and emission-reduction targets mainly depends on the shutdown of small thermal power units and the construction of ultra-supercritical units, and the establishment of an energy-saving power production and supply system has not been established. For example, distributed power sources have not been effectively used, and the proportion of cogeneration of small and medium-sized units is not High, the benefits of the generator set have not been fully realized. Development and energy conservation are the forces of economic development. At present, there are two sets of carriages in the development of the power industry and energy conservation. Development is excessively emphasized, and energy conservation and emission reduction cannot be synchronized and prioritized.
Second, the "12th Five-Year" basic understanding of electricity development and policy measures recommended
In order to implement the "Proposal for the CPC Central Committee on Formulating the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development," the requirement of "promoting changes in energy production and utilization methods and building a safe, stable, economic, and clean modern energy industry system" requires that at present, Understanding the unity to speed up the reform of power production and utilization methods, and strengthen relevant policies and measures.
(1) The special law of the development of the power industry requires that the power plan puts structural adjustment first
Electricity can not be stored on a large scale, and the four links of transmission, transmission, distribution, and use must be completed at the same time. The power industry also has the characteristics of long construction period and capital intensive, and the power supply and power grid must be balanced and coordinated. This special law requires that power planning must be based on scientific forecasting of electricity demand, putting structural adjustments at the forefront, determining a reasonable scale, speed, and layout of electric power development, improving the adaptability of the plan to market changes, and avoiding the development of the electric power industry. The ups and downs and disorderly development and other issues.
To plan a reasonable power structure, one must establish and follow the national energy strategy. The power construction cycle is generally 5-20 years, and it is difficult to change after it is completed. Only when the long-term development strategy and direction are clarified, can we stand at the mid- and long-term development base, coordinate the national economic development and the status quo of resources, and coordinate the development of the eastern and western regions. The relationship between the 5-10 years of power planning to make reasonable arrangements for the deployment, and gradually achieve structural optimization. The second is to consider the external factors of power development and quantify the indicators. The development of electricity must be coordinated with the total amount of energy, the speed of development of the national economy, energy demand and other related plans. On the basis of controlling China's total energy consumption in 2050, we must quantify the "proper" development of the electric power industry with appropriate advancement in order to effectively grasp the scale and speed. The third is to optimize and coordinate the power supply and grid structure. Rational distribution of water, fire, nuclear, and new energy, so that base load and peaking power plant are properly collocated; establish a reasonable voltage level and safe and stable transmission and distribution system, the transmission grid and the distribution network, send end and receiver receive coordination , The combination of centralized power supply and decentralized power supply; overall planning of power supply and power grid to ensure that the power supply is delivered and completed. The fourth is to innovate the power planning management system to ensure that structural adjustments are in place. Establish and improve a unified power planning mechanism with “government-responsible, multi-participation, information disclosure, and democratic decision-making†to improve the scientificness and democracy of planning, guarantee the authority of planning, and ensure that structural adjustment goals are put in place.
(B) Solving the deep-seated contradictions in the development and system of the power industry and demanding that the power industry be accelerated
Many problems faced by power development can be attributed to institutional problems. The goal of the power system reform is to break the monopoly, introduce competition, improve efficiency, reduce costs, improve the electricity price mechanism, optimize the allocation of resources, promote the development of electricity, promote the nationwide networking, and establish a separation of government and enterprises, fair competition, and openness under government supervision. , a healthy development of the electricity market system. However, after the separation of the plant and network in 2003, the power reform has been stagnant, and the power system has monopolized and stagnated, which has plagued the process of power marketization. It has not been able to form a pricing mechanism with the same net and same price, which is not conducive to the smooth integration of new energy generation. .
At present, the contradiction between power supply and demand tends to ease, and the rapid development of new energy urgently requires the removal of institutional obstacles. This is a good opportunity to deepen the reform of the power industry. The first is to further strengthen the organization and leadership of the power system reform and clarify the phased objectives of the reform; the second is to speed up the separation of the main and auxiliary, reduce and clarify the operating costs of the grid, and lay the foundation for the reform of electricity prices; the third is to establish a competitive, open area The electricity market will reform the pricing mechanism of electricity prices, establish a new electricity price system with the same price and same price, strengthen the supervision of the electricity market for distribution, and form a new system for the grid to absorb new energy.
(3) Safeguarding the sound and rapid development of the power industry requires a fundamental change in the way business performance is assessed
The electric power industry is a basic industry, not a pillar industry. The development of electric power should aim at a moderate advance and meet the needs of economic development instead of desperately expanding. Practice has proved that big but not strong but worse. However, as the state-owned assets management department evaluated the total assets, total capacity, and total profits of the central electric power companies, and was motivated by the last elimination, the state-owned large-scale power grids and power companies did not focus their work on changing the business management mechanism. It is a blind pursuit of scale, competition, expansion, blind expansion, the strengthening of monopoly, the formation of disorderly construction, the embarrassing situation of corporate insolvency.
In order to fundamentally cure the behavior of eager for quick success and instant benefit, to make good use of fishery, and to publicize achievements, we must change the content of the performance assessment of state-owned power companies. For power generation enterprises, the ranking of total installed capacity and total profits will no longer be assessed. Instead, the level of profitability and asset-liability ratio of individual assets and the effectiveness of energy-saving and emission-reduction measures will be examined, and power companies in the field of competition will be guided to pursue real economic benefits and investment. Safety level; for power grid companies, no longer assess the ranking of total assets and total profits, instead of assessing the unit's effective network of power transmission, power distribution, and guide the power grid companies to improve efficiency and reduce costs, and encourage them to actively absorb wind power, etc. New energy power.
(IV) Orderly advancement of power development and reform requires the establishment of a new power regulation system
Regulations such as the “Electricity Lawâ€, “Regulations on the Protection of Electric Power Facilities†and “Regulations on Power Dispatching Management of Grids†were all promulgated in the 1990s. They have long been out of line with the needs of electric power development and have caused disconnections between the reform of the electric power system and the revision of power laws and regulations. Concurrent with the old and new rules, the order of investment and operation of the industry is not standardized, and the management of power by the rule of law cannot be realized, and the deep-seated conflicts between planning and market, monopoly and competition cannot be resolved.
Electricity legislation must be synchronized with electricity reforms. The first is to timely revise the “Power Law†and other power laws and regulations, clarify the duties of power supervision, power administrative law enforcement, and power industry management, specify the establishment and operation of the power market, open and fair management of power dispatch, maintenance of the power supply and use order, etc. The problem is to regulate the rights and obligations of the government, power companies, and power users. The second is to formulate supporting regulations and rules, and to quickly study and formulate market entry and exit of power projects, hydropower development management, nuclear power management, distributed power generation, and new energy generation. Laws and regulations concerning the Internet and other aspects shall protect the legitimate rights and interests of investors, operators, and consumers in accordance with law, and promote and guarantee the reform and development of electric power.
(5) Restrictions on resources and environment require the acceleration of a comprehensive reform of power development
With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization in China, in order to meet the rapid growth in electricity demand, China has built a large number of generator sets during the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period. In accordance with this development, China will need 3.7 billion kilowatts of installed capacity in 2030 and only 6.4 billion tons of coal for power generation alone. This is unimaginable and unsustainable in terms of resources and environmental capacity, which is not conducive to the transformation of economic growth patterns. Structural Adjustment.
To speed up the transformation of power development methods, the first is to change from extensive supply to satisfy demand and to supply science to meet reasonable demand. Power development can no longer pursue purely installed capacity and meet unlimited power needs. The growth rate and total amount of electricity consumption depends on the adjustment and progress of China's economic development methods. It is necessary to reasonably determine the power development goals and speed, and promote and support the transformation of economic and social development methods. The second is shifting from focusing on speed and scale to focusing on quality and efficiency. Electric power units should be based on high efficiency and environmental protection, and they should not be based solely on capacity. The development of electricity must consider the rationality of technology and economy, and meet the economic and social needs of electricity consumption in a way that minimizes costs. In a long period of time, China’s power supply structure is still dominated by thermal power, and improving the utilization of thermal power has important implications for improving the efficiency of the power industry. It is estimated that for each 200-hour increase in the annual utilization hours of thermal power, the average annual power generation cost will drop by about 2.5 yuan/kWh, which will reduce the newly installed capacity by about 40 million kilowatts. The third is the change from demand-side management to demand-side response. Power demand side management means to encourage low valley energy storage, improve the efficiency of electric power resource utilization, and realize scientific electricity use and electricity saving by improving peak and valley electricity prices, seasonal electricity prices, high reliability electricity prices, and interruptible load electricity prices. However, the “administrative†mechanism has strong administrative colors and ambiguous management boundaries. The grid companies, as a party to the power transaction, implement specific management, which will increase the abuse of their monopoly operations. We should learn from foreign experience and establish a "response" mechanism on the demand side to encourage power users to make adjustments based on policy levers, guide the shift of power demand from peak to trough, reduce peak power demand, and accordingly reduce the scale of power construction. Fourth, from the emphasis on development to focus on saving, improve the energy saving and emission reduction work mechanism. Adhere to the principle of equal emphasis on development and conservation, saving priority, the energy conservation and emission reduction targets into the assessment system, strengthen supervision, explore carbon trading and other market methods, and avoid simple administrative measures such as power cuts.
(VI) Based on the national conditions, it is required to determine a reasonable power structure and development layout
Due to China's vast geographical, resource distribution, and economic development imbalance, large-scale construction and long-distance power transmission are not the only means of development for electric power. We must adhere to the principle of optimizing the use of energy resources in accordance with the principles of land-based measures.
To determine a reasonable power structure and development layout, the first is to develop a distributed power supply while developing a centralized power supply. The centralized large power supply has the advantages of energy saving, environmental protection, and high efficiency. However, once a system is stabilized, it needs to rely on a distributed power supply to meet the most basic economic activities and people's needs in the region. Therefore, centralized large-scale energy sources cannot replace distributed energy sources. While building high-efficiency, large-capacity centralized large-scale power sources, it is necessary to timely implement the construction of distributed power sources and fundamentally change the power supply structure. In the eastern region where the economy is relatively developed, thermal, electricity, and cooling cogeneration can be developed. Particularly in areas where natural gas pipelines pass, it is more advantageous and necessary to build distributed power systems consisting of medium and small gas turbines. The general trend of development. In remote rural areas and towns that are difficult to cover with large power grids, distributed power sources should be developed. The second is to increase the support for the safe, reliable and stable power supply in the province. The balance of power supply across provinces is mainly to optimize the allocation of resources. The establishment of power supply in the province is to play a role in local balance. In the case that cross-regional balance power supply is difficult to solve for a while, the province's power supply must play a supporting role. Third, according to the objective laws of near-transmission and long-distance transmission of coal, the combination of coal-fired power, coal-fired transmission, and coal transmission is adopted, taking into consideration the strong and reasonable structure of the power grid in the power-receiving region. At the same time, we will vigorously develop clean and efficient projects such as nuclear power to reduce the dependence of load centers on coal. Fourth, orderly development of new energy sources. In a long period of time, new energy cannot replace traditional energy, but can only play an auxiliary and complementary role. It cannot change the power structure based on coal-fired power. New energy should be developed step by step on the basis of focusing on technological innovation and reducing costs. Encourage the development of distributed, on-site consumption of new energy. If it does not have long-distance transportation conditions, and it cannot be consumed on the spot, it may suspend development or standby development to avoid unnecessary waste.
(7) Safe and stable economic power supply is guaranteed, and scientific and sustainable grid development models are required
The grid structure is related to the structural optimization and safety of the entire power industry. In view of the controversy over the transmission of electricity on UHV lines, in order to avoid huge waste and hidden dangers due to the wrong direction of power grid development, it is imperative that the organization fully demonstrate, formulate a scientific grid development plan, and make clear strategic decision-making recommendations to the State Council.
The optimization of the grid development model is based on the principle of ensuring the safety, stability and economic operation of the power grid, which is conducive to improving the ability of the power grid to resist military strikes, terrorist activities and natural disasters. The second is to study and demonstrate the technical route for the development of smart grids. The development of smart grid involves the overall transformation of the power system, involves huge investment, involves many issues such as national energy strategy, technical standards, electricity market, electricity price policy, and what kind of technical route to take, must be cautious.
(8) Improve people's livelihood, require strengthening of distribution network construction, and establish customer-oriented core values
In the current era of great economic construction, the whole society pays more attention to the people's livelihood and builds a harmonious society, the power must shift from the power supply side to the demand side to overcome the phenomena of re-emerging light supply for a long time, and to truly establish The core value of the user's interests, regardless of power supply construction, power grid construction, the ultimate goal should be to provide the general public with high-quality, high-efficiency, low-cost electricity, to maximize the protection of the safe and reliable power transmission.
To improve the reliability of power supply, the first is to increase the proportion of distribution network investment in grid investment, and to solve the problem of power supply for distribution networks and terminal users with a voltage of 220 kilovolts and below, so as to ensure that the electricity transmission can be obtained, completed, and used effectively. , And can absorb all kinds of new energy. The second is to continue to increase the transformation of rural power. The third is to work hard to solve the power problem of people without electricity.
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