In an analog surround sound processor circuit, operational amplifiers are commonly used to create adders that generate the center channel and left/right channels. These adders are connected to both the non-inverting and inverting inputs of the op-amp. But how exactly do they perform the addition? Let's take a closer look at the inverting adder circuit first.
The inverting adder has two input signals, U1 and U2, which are connected through resistors R1 and R2 to the inverting terminal of the op-amp. In an ideal op-amp, the inverting input is at a "virtual ground," meaning its voltage is approximately zero. Since no current flows into the op-amp, the sum of the currents from the input resistors equals the current through the feedback resistor. This gives us the equation: -Uo/Rf = U1/R1 + U2/R2. If all resistors are equal (R1=R2=Rf), then Uo = -(U1 + U2). After passing through an inverter, this becomes Uo = U1 + U2, effectively performing the addition of the two signals. This principle can be extended to more than two inputs, allowing for multiple signal additions.
Similarly, the in-phase adder works on the same principle but with the input signals connected to the non-inverting terminal. The output is the sum of the input voltages without inversion.
The subtractor circuit is also straightforward. It uses a combination of resistors and feedback to calculate the difference between two input signals. For example, if we set R1=Rf=R2=Rp, we can simplify the analysis. By applying Kirchhoff’s laws and using the concept of virtual short, we find that the output voltage is the difference between the two inputs: Uo = U2 - U1.
A voltage follower, also known as a buffer, has a closed-loop voltage gain of 1, meaning the output voltage matches the input in both magnitude and phase. This is useful in applications where signal integrity needs to be maintained without distortion.
The non-inverting amplifier, when configured with negative feedback, has a gain of Af = 1 + Rf/R1. To achieve a unity gain (Af = 1), you can either remove R1 or short Rf. This configuration is often used in buffer circuits, especially in audio processing systems like surround sound processors.
For instance, in a surround sound processor, a buffer circuit might use a non-inverting configuration with R1 disconnected and Rf shorted. This ensures that the output closely follows the input, maintaining signal quality while isolating different parts of the circuit.
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