Foreword
About one-third of life is spent in sleep. Good sleep is a necessary condition for good health. Sleep apnea (sleep apnea) is a very common sleep breathing disease. According to the survey, about 24% of adult males and 9% of adult females in the United States or more than 2 million people suffer from this disease, at least in Taiwan Two hundred thousand people also have this problem. The initial stage of this disease most often occurs between the ages of 40 and 50, which is the peak period of career, so it has a considerable impact on society and families. In addition to destroying the entire sleep structure, the disease can also cause many complications, such as patients are prone to daytime sleepiness, insomnia at night, snoring, abnormal movements during sleep, mental retardation, personality changes, impotence, morning headache, high Symptoms such as blood pressure, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary heart disease, polycythemia, and even sudden death.
In general, the diagnosis of whether a patient has sleep apnea means that the total number of apnea and hypopnea in patients during sleep exceeds 5 times per hour. Among them, apnea refers to the disappearance of the respiratory airflow for more than 10 seconds during sleep, and hypoventilation refers to the respiratory airflow that has not completely stopped, but only reduced to 20% -50% of the original, while the blood oxygen concentration decreased by more than 4%. disorder. At present, doctors often use nighttime sleep breathing multiple physiological monitors when diagnosing sleep apnea to record the sleep cycle throughout the night, including the number, type, hypoxia index, frequency, and electrocardiogram of apnea and shallow breathing Changes, oral and nasal cavity airflow, chest and abdomen breathing movements, earlobe blood oxygen and other signals, snoring times, etc. Although it is accurate to use night sleep breathing multiple physiological monitors, it needs to wear a variety of instruments on the body, and it must be operated by professionals in a specific hospital to make measurements. It is very inconvenient and easily affects the sleep of patients, so it is not Suitable for long-term monitoring. Therefore, the general patients will not enter the hospital for this examination unless they reach a very serious point. What's more, the sleep-breathing multi-physiology monitor is an expensive device. Generally, patients don't buy it and measure it at home, so it is difficult to achieve universality. This research mainly aims to develop a monitoring system that is simple to use, less perceptible, inexpensive, and suitable for long-term monitoring in a home sleeping environment, to help doctors understand the patient's condition and provide doctors with follow-up treatment process improvements. Case [1] [2] [3] [4].
Research methods and system design
The design of the wireless sleep apnea monitoring system proposed in this study is shown in Figure 1. This system is divided into three parts: (1) wireless sleep breathing multiple physiological parameter measurement meter, (2) wireless sleep breathing multiple physiological parameter recorder, (3) wireless sleep breathing multiple physiological parameter recorder and analyzer . Figure 2 is a block diagram of wireless sleep respiration multiple physiological parameter measurement meter, including sensing circuit, single-chip microcontroller, serial memory, Bluetooth wireless module, real-time clock, charging circuit, battery and other circuits. The measuring circuit also includes circuits for measuring the number of sleep snoring and the time of each snoring, the number of apnea and the time of each apnea, the blood oxygen concentration, the size of the oral and nasal airflow and the change of heartbeat. When using the software, the measured physiological parameters must be based on the time axis, and each data should be stored in the memory and transmitted through the Bluetooth module, so that the physiological parameters can be found during reconstruction relationship. Fig. 3 is a block diagram of a multi-physiological parameter measurement recorder for sleep respiration. The software of the single-chip microcontroller is responsible for the online control and data transmission of the Bluetooth module, and converts the data of multiple physiological parameters of sleep respiration into serial Time-Zhenfu's digital format is stored in flash memory. As for the wireless sleep breathing multiple physiological parameter recording and analyzer part, Microsoft Visual BASIC is used to develop a set of application software to display the sleep breathing multiple physiological parameter data obtained by the Bluetooth wireless module in an affinity operation screen. Come out and provide the patient's sleep changes.
Figure 1 Block diagram of wireless sleep apnea monitoring system
Figure 2 Block diagram of wireless sleep respiration multiple physiological parameter measurement meter
Fig. 3 Block diagram of the measurement and recording device for multiple physiological parameters of sleep respiration
discuss
When designing the software of a single-chip microcontroller, the physiological parameters must be measured on the time axis, so that the relationship between the physiological parameters can only be found during reconstruction. In order to correctly transmit each data through the Bluetooth module, serial memory is used to temporarily store the measurement information to prevent data loss. In addition, in order to miniaturize the wireless sleep breathing multiple physiological parameter measurement meter, it is necessary to select low power consumption and small parts as much as possible, and use a single-chip microcontroller to minimize the overall power consumption. The Bluetooth wireless module is a wireless data transmission device with low power consumption and high security.
When measuring physiological parameters, the measuring gauge must be fixed on the patient's body. Because the head and body will move and turn over during sleep, it is easy to cause the measurement equipment to fall off and incorrect measurement data. How much measurement will affect the physician's assessment of symptoms. Therefore, the sensor of the wireless measurement meter must be small, easy to fix, not easy to fall off, and avoid affecting the patient's sleep. When processing the physiological parameter data, first use a band-pass filter to remove this part of the data, only The waveforms of real physiological parameters of sleep breathing are displayed, which improves the accuracy of diagnosis.
In addition, to cooperate with the wireless sleep breathing multiple physiological parameter measurement meter and sleep breathing multiple physiological parameter recorder as portable devices, their power management is very important. The work of power control is controlled by a single chip micro The device is responsible for reducing the power consumption of the single-chip microcontroller itself by choosing a lower operating frequency, and using the sleep mode to save power, and reducing the digital sampling frequency of the data without affecting the accuracy. Reduce the amount of data, and temporarily store the serial memory. At this time, let the Bluetooth wireless module enter the sleep mode. When the serial memory is almost full, the Bluetooth wireless module is connected to the sleep breathing multiple physiological parameter recorder to Reduce power consumption of wireless tremor meter.
Zhi Xie
Thanks to Zhengxiu University of Science and Technology for subsidizing research funding. (Plan Number: CS-2-95-04)
references
[1] Mariano Cabrero-canosa, Elena Hernandez-pereira, and Vicente Moret-Bonillo, “Intelligent Diagnosis of Sleep Apnea Syndrome.†IEEE engineering in medicine and biology magazine, March 2004: 72-81.
[2] Varady et al., “A Novel Method for the DetecTIon of Apnea and Hypopnea Events in RespiraTIon Signals.†IEEE Tran. Biomed. Eng., 2002; Vol. 49, September: 936-941.
[3] ASYALI et al., “Assessment of Closed-Loop VenTIlatory Stability in ObstrucTIve Sleep Apnea.†IEEE Tran. Biomed. Eng., 2002; Vol. 49, March: 206-216.
[4] Varady et al., “On-line Detection of Sleep Apnea During Critical Care Monitoring.†Proceedings of the 22 "d Annual EMBS International Conference, July 23-28, 2000, Chicago IL.
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