Today's auto market is being hit by the economic crisis. At the same time, the two major trends of improving safety performance and environmental protection are also driving the development of a new generation of vehicles, and guiding automakers to produce the most consistent and differentiated intentions of consumers. The next generation of automotive features.
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The expectation of the economy has made consumers' demand for new functions of the car first oriented to safety. An advanced safety system that protects drivers, passengers and pedestrians and effectively reduces accidents, such as advanced driver assistance systems that do not require much additional cost, will be a rapidly growing field in automotive electronics and have a major impact on the differentiated design of automobiles. In addition to passive safety systems such as airbags, more and more vehicles will adopt vision-based active safety systems, including rear view systems, lane departure warning systems, driver attention warning systems, headlight control systems, and anti-collision systems. And an automatic cruise control system capable of detecting and distinguishing objects under various lighting conditions.
In order to reduce energy consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the green design requirements for automobiles are increasingly urgent. In addition to using many traditional technologies to make cars more environmentally friendly, alternative forms of automotive energy, whether they are alternative fuels (such as methanol, ethanol, etc.), or hybrid (hydro-electric) vehicles (HEV) or pure electric vehicles. (EV) has become the top priority design project for auto manufacturers.
This article focuses on automotive safety and green design trends, discusses key design challenges for achieving these capabilities, and shares the unique perspectives and latest solutions of leading automotive semiconductor manufacturers.
Visual security monitoring system
Image sensors with high dynamic range, coupled with powerful processors, DSPs, FPGAs, image sensors and sophisticated algorithms, are creating a new era of automotive vision systems. For example, the warning symbol on the rear view camera system alerts the driver to the nearest object by varying the size and color. The attention warning system can use the infrared camera mounted on the driver's door and the center console to record and analyze the driver's eye movements, and to hear and see when the driver's eyes are closed for longer than the normal blink time. Alarm. The lane departure warning system uses a camera to monitor the position of the vehicle between the road markings.
For image sensors in automotive safety applications, the emerging areas of development are these vision-based systems. “However, image sensors for these applications face some key challenges, including low light sensitivity (or responsiveness) in low light conditions (less than 1 lux), very small package size, and wide dynamic range of colors.†OmniVision Advanced Product Marketing Manager Inayat Khajasha said.
OmniVision is a leading provider of image sensors for vision-based automotive systems, offering a broad portfolio of automotive sensors, including CCD image sensors or CMOS image sensors. The company's OV7960 solves these challenges. The product's low light sensitivity is greater than 12V/lux-sec and is available in the smallest AutoVision CSP (aCSPTM) package, which is 50% smaller than competing CMOS devices. In addition, OmniVision is the only company that offers a 1 megapixel sensor (OV9715) for emerging applications such as 360-degree panoramic applications. This sensor enables 180 degree distortion corrected images without losing any image quality.
In addition to the camera, one of the main components of these active safety systems is the high speed radar. Kang Xiaodun, Automotive Electronics Engineering Manager of Freescale Semiconductor, said: "With the improvement of image sensor technology, such as CCD technology, the visual system has not much difficulty in hardware. There are still some challenges in software strategy and algorithm. Radars are different. Because active safety systems require very high speeds (the current standard is 77 GHz), advanced semiconductor technology is needed to design new devices to meet the requirements."
Freescale is using silicon germanium (SiGe) technology to design radio frequency (RF) chips for 77 GHz millimeter wave radars, primarily for inter-vehicle distance detection systems and collision avoidance safety systems. Compared to millimeter-wave radar RF chips using gallium arsenide (GaAs) technology, the cost of such chips is expected to be 50% lower.
Automotive vision systems require digital signal processing units to correct distortion of real-time images. Although it is an image processing algorithm, the high code rate of real-time images, the curvature of various lenses, and different distortions have high requirements on the performance of algorithms and DSPs.
“The requirements for automotive design are high performance, low power, competitive cost and highly interconnected devices. We have introduced several SHARC and Blackfin processor products specifically for the automotive market. There are multiple pin compatible in these series. Devices, so customers can extend a design into several implementations," said Jane Ke, technical marketing manager at Analog Devices.
The target application of the Blackfin architecture is vision-based ADAS, and the target application of the SHARC architecture is based on radar. In addition, Analog Devices offers motion-sensing microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) inertial accelerometers and gyroscopes for use in automotive safety systems. Earlier this year, ADI also partnered with Infineon to develop the next generation of automotive airbag systems.
In addition, when designing driver assistance system applications, in addition to considering the use of highly integrated and low power components, you should also pay attention to reliability. "Because the operational decisions made by such systems are related to the personal safety of people inside and outside the vehicle, as more and more electronic devices are used in automobiles, manufacturers must carefully select the components that will help develop reliable solutions. "KenO'Neil, director of marketing for military and aerospace products at Actel, said.
For reliability concerns, Actel offers the ProASIC3 reprogrammable FPGA family. ProASIC3 uses a 0.13?m node process and is an FPGA device that can achieve a junction temperature of 135 °C. As the process scale shrinks, the number of transistors in semiconductor chips increases, the leakage current under the threshold becomes more and more prominent, and the heat dissipation is also larger, and ProASIC3 FPGA does not have such problems, so it can be used. Extremely critical applications such as temperature and or reliability considerations are extremely important for a variety of under-the-hood applications.
Another car safety application is the anti-theft device. Anti-theft devices will also introduce vision systems, another new development area for image sensors for automotive safety applications. InayatKhajasha described this scenario briefly: If an unauthorized person tries to drive, the anti-theft device will capture images and even video and send this information to the central monitoring station. In addition, if someone breaks into the car, the anti-theft device will also remind the owner.
However, passive keyless entry (PKE) / remote keyless entry (RKE) plus the engine immobilization system (Immobilizer) and engine control unit communication to achieve anti-theft control is still the mainstream design. More advanced designs use gps and wireless communication (such as 3G) signals to achieve alarms after theft of the vehicle and tracking of stolen vehicles. Kang Xiaodun said: "All these designs require a good RF design and wireless communication design, which should be one of the challenges in the design of such applications."
Zhang Jianchen, sales manager and automotive safety and comfort marketing manager of NXP Semiconductors (hereinafter referred to as NXP) Automotive Electronics Division, believes that another trend in anti-theft design is to upgrade the car engine anti-theft system and remote key function to PKE (none) The key system) provides a more convenient and comfortable experience for the occupants; or replaces the discrete solution with a solution that integrates the burglar and remote key functions to save cost and key volume.
NXP introduces the concept of a future key, the key can be connected to the phone or PDA infinitely, making more applications possible, including monitoring of car conditions, car-seeking positioning (including tracking of stolen vehicles), travel planning and so on. In addition, NXP offers new HITAG3 and new security algorithms such as aes128, making car entry (key and engine theft) more secure and reliable.
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